Table of Contents

Practical Process Control
Proven Methods and Best Practices for Automatic Process Control
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I. Understanding Dynamic Process Behavior

  Fundamental Principles of Process Control
     Motivation and Terminology of Automatic Process Control
     The Components of a Control Loop
     Process Data, Dynamic Modeling and a Recipe for Profitable Control
     Sample Time Impacts Controller Performance

  Graphical Modeling of Process Dynamics: Heat Exchanger Case Study
     Step Test Data From the Heat Exchanger Process
     Process Gain is the “How Far” Variable
     Process Time Constant is the “How Fast” Variable
     Dead Time is the “How Much Delay” Variable
     Validating Our Heat Exchanger Process FOPDT Model

  Modeling Process Dynamics: Gravity Drained Tanks Case Study
     The Gravity Drained Tanks Process
     Dynamic Testing of the Gravity Drained Tanks Process
     Graphical Modeling of Gravity Drained Tanks Step Test
     Modeling Gravity Drained Tanks Data Using Software

  Software Modeling of Process Dynamics: Jacketed Stirred Reactor Case Study
     Design Level of Operation for the Jacketed Stirred Reactor Process
     Modeling the Dynamic Behavior of the Jacketed Stirred Reactor
     Exploring the FOPDT Model With a Parameter Sensitivity Study

 

II. PID Controller Design and Tuning

  Process Control Preliminaries
     Design and Tuning Recipe Must Consider Nonlinear Process Behavior
     A Controller’s “Process” Goes From Wire Out to Wire In
     The Normal or Standard PID Algorithm

  Proportional Control - The Simplest PID Controller
     The P-Only Control Algorithm
     P-Only Control of the Heat Exchanger Shows Offset
     P-Only Disturbance Rejection of the Gravity Drained Tanks  

  Caution: Pay Attention to Units and Scaling
     Controller Gain is Dimensionless in Commercial Systems

  Integral Action and PI Control
     Integral Action and PI Control
     PI Control of the Heat Exchanger
     PI Disturbance Rejection of the Gravity Drained Tanks 
     The Challenge of Interacting Tuning Parameters
     PI Disturbance Rejection in the Jacketed Stirred Reactor 
     Integral (Reset) Windup, Jacketing Logic and the Velocity PI Form

  Derivative Action and PID Control
     PID Control and Derivative on Measurement
     The Chaos of Commercial PID Control
     PID Control of the Heat Exchanger
     Measurement Noise Degrades Derivative Action

     PID Disturbance Rejection of the Gravity Drained Tanks

  Signal Filters and the PID with Controller Output Filter Algorithm
     Using Signal Filters In Our PID Loop
     PID with Controller Output (CO) Filter
     PID with CO Filter Control of the Heat Exchanger
     PID with CO Filter Disturbance Rejection in the Jacketed Stirred Reactor

 

III. Additional PID Design and Tuning Concepts

  Exploring Deeper: Sample Time, Parameter Scheduling, Plant-Wide Control
     Sample Time is a Fundamental Design and Tuning Specification
     Parameter Scheduling and Adaptive Control of Nonlinear Processes
     Plant-Wide Control Requires a Strong PID Foundation

  Tuning Using Closed-Loop (Automatic Mode) Data
     Ziegler-Nichols Closed-Loop Method a Poor Choice for Production Processes
     Controller Tuning Using Set Point Driven Data 
     Do Not Model Disturbance Driven Data for Controller Tuning 

  Evaluating Controller Performance
     Comparing Controller Performance Using Plot Data

  Cascade Control For Improved Disturbance Rejection
     The Cascade Control Architecture
     An Implementation Recipe for Cascade Control
     A Cascade Control Architecture for the Jacketed Stirred Reactor
     Cascade Disturbance Rejection in the Jacketed Stirred Reactor

  Feed Forward with Feedback Trim For Improved Disturbance Rejection
     The Feed Forward Controller

  Ratio, Override and Cross-Limiting Control (with Allen Houtz)
     The Ratio Control Architecture
     Ratio Control and Metered-Air Combustion Processes
     Override (Select) Elements and Their Use in Ratio Control
     Ratio with Cross-Limiting Override Control of a Combustion Process

  Integrating (Non-Self Regulating) Processes (with Bob Rice)
     Recognizing Integrating (Non-Self Regulating) Process Behavior
     A Design and Tuning Recipe for Integrating Processes
     Analyzing Pumped Tank Dynamics with a FOPDT Integrating Model     
     PI Control of the Integrating Pumped Tank Process

IV. Process Applications in Control

  Discrete Time Modeling of Dynamic Systems (by Peter Nachtwey)
     A Discrete Time Linear Model of the Heat Exchanger

  Steam Boiler Level Control (by Allen Houtz)
     Cascade, Feed Forward and Boiler Level Control
     Dynamic Shrink/Swell and Boiler Level Control

  Distillation Column Control (by Jim Riggs)
     Introduction to Distillation Column Control
     Major Disturbances & First-Level Distillation Column Control
     Inferential Temperature & Single-Ended Column Control
     Dual Composition Control & Constraint Distillation Column Control

  Fuzzy Logic and Process Control (by Fred Thomassom)
     Envelope Optimization and Control Using Fuzzy Logic